Sunday, October 29, 2006
State University proposed Satellite Campus in KBK region
Monday October 30 2006 10:22 IST
BHUBANESWAR: The University Grants Commission (UGC) will send a team, headed by a joint secretary, to review the proposals and funds utilisation by various universities of the State.
Since utilisation of funds by the varsities has been a cause of concern, UGC is keen to find out the underlying problems. The team would be here for two days - November 14 and 15.
This was decided after a meeting chaired by UGC Chairman Prof Sukhdeo Thorat at Raj Bhawan here on Sunday. Thorat had an interaction with VCs of the State universities. In fact, the UGC chief was here at the invitation of Chancellor and Governor Rameshwar Thakur.
Thorat was to attend the convocation of Sambalpur University on Saturday but since he was indisposed, he could not make it. The UGC Chairman made it clear that many proposals presented by the VCs don稚 meet the guidelines which is a a major reason for their rejection.
Currently, five universities of the State are eligible to receive funds from the commission since they meet the norms specified under Section 12(B) of the UGC Act. While Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT) has submitted its proposal, Utkal University of Culture has been asked to put forth its case.
However, utilisation of funds for various projects and schemes of UGC by the State varsities remain far from satisfactory.
As per a presentation delivered by the UGC joint secretary, Eastern Regional Office, Prof Ratnabali Banerjee, utilisation by Orissa is just about 40 percent during the period 2002-2006.It, however, ranks better as compared to other states of Eastern India, she pointed out.
While funds utilisation by West Bengal is a little below 30 percent, Bihar, Jharkhand and Sikkim have utilised only about 20 percent of UGC funds.
The Governor urged the UGC chief to consider sanction of grants to the State varsities keeping in view the number of backward districts they cater to.
He said Orissa is in need of a vibrant education system because the State is now attracting a lot of investment. The UGC should assist Orissa in this process. he pointed out.
During the meeting, V C of Sambalpur University proposed that varsity should be allowed to set up a satellite campus at Bhawanipatna.
It would help tribal students, girls particularly, to take advantage of higher education. Both Berhampur and Sambalpur universities sought permission for opening coaching centres for SC/ST students.
Utkal University also submitted its plans to open centres on aquaculture, water harvesting, IT and bio-informatics.
Among others, Finance Minister PC Ghadei, Agriculture Minister SN Nayak and Higher Education Minister Samir Dey were present.
Satellite Campus proposed by VC in KBK region
Saturday, October 28, 2006
PRESS RELEASE OF 24/10/2005(CM MET UNION MINISTER FOR HRD..... )
This is a one year old press release. One wonders if the Orissa government ever got around to submitting a formal proposal on KBK central university as sought (see the sentences in red below) by the HRD minister.
Chitta
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PRESS RELEASE OF 24/10/2005(CM MET UNION MINISTER FOR HRD..... )
GOVERNMENT OF ORISSA
PRESS RELEASE
October 24, 2005
Shri Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister, Orissa today met the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, Shri Arjun Singh and requested him to expedite the establishment of the Regional Centre of Studies in Integrated Sciences at
Monday, October 23, 2006
Japaneese National Universities
Sunday, October 22, 2006
Tribal areas of Orissa
| 1. 2. 3. 4. | Mayurbhanj district Sundargah district Koraput district Kuchinda tahsil in Sambalpur district |
| 5. | Keonjhar and Telkoi tahsils of keonjhar sub-division, and champua and Barbil tahsils of Champua sub-division in Keonjhar district |
6. |
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Tribes of Orissa
2. Baiga
3. Banjara, Banjari
4. Bathudi
5. Bhottada, Dhotada
6. Bhuiya, Hbuyan
7. Bhumia
8. Bhumij
9. Bhunjia
10. binjhal
11. Binihia, Binjhoa
12. Birhor
13. Bondo Poraja
14. Chenchu
15. Dal
16. Desua Bhumij
17. Dharua
18. Didayi
19. Gadaba
20. Gandia
21. Ghara
22. Gond, gondo
23. Ho
24. Holva
25. Jatapu
26. Jung
27. Kandha gauda
28. Kawar
29. Kharia, Kharian
30. Kharwar
31. Khond, Kond, Kandha, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kendha
32. Kisan
33. Kol
34. Kolah Laharas, Kol Laharas
35. Kolha
36. Koli, Malhar
37. Kondadora
38. Kora
39. Korua
40. Kotia
41. Koya
42. Kulis
43. Lodha
44. Madia
45. Mahali
46. Mankidi
47. Mankirdia
48. Matya
49. Mirdhas
50. Munda, Munda Lahora, Munda Mahalis
51. Mundari
52. Omanatya
53. Oraon
54. Parenga
55. Paroja
56. Pentia
57. Rajuar
58. Santal
59. Saora, Sever, Saura, Sahara
60. Shabar, Lodha
61. Sounti
62. Tharua
Statewise tribal population of India
Districtwise ST population in Orissa
following is the district wise ST population of Orissa. (clickable map)
(The ten districts in red are either part of KBK or are adjacent to KBK.)
Malkangiri 58.36% (KBK) [literacy 31.26%]
Mayurbhanj 57.87% [literacy 52.43%]
Rayagada 56.04% (KBK) [literacy 35.61%]
Nabarangpur 55.27% (KBK) [literacy 34.26%]
Kandhamala 51.51% (adjacent) [literacy 52.95%]
Sundergarh 50.74% [literacy 65.22%]
Koraput 50.67% (KBK) [literacy 36.2%]
Gajapati 47.88% (adjacent) [literacy 41.73%]
Keonjhar 44.52% [literacy 59.75%]
Nuapada 35.95% (KBK) [literacy 42.29%]
Sambalpur 35.08% [literacy 67.01%]
Deogarh 33.31% [literacy 60.78%]
Jharsuguda 31.88% [literacy 71.47%]
Kalahandi 28.88% (KBK) [literacy 46.2%]
Balangir 22.06% (KBK) [literacy 54.93%]
Bargarh 19.56% [literacy 64.13%]
Boudh 12.92% [literacy 58.43]
Dhenkanal 12.68% [literacy 70.11%]
Angul 11.68% [literacy 69.4%]
Balasore 10.57% [literacy 70.94%]
Sonepur 9.5% (KBK) [literacy 64.07]
Jajpur 7.4% [literacy 72.19%]
Nayagarh 5.96% [literacy 71.02%]
Khurda 5.14% [literacy 80.19%]
Cuttack 3.49% [literacy 76.13]
Ganjam 2.93% [literacy 62.94%]
Bhadrakh 1.69% [literacy 74.64%]
Jagatsinghpur 0.61% [literacy 79.61%]
Kendrapara 0.4% [literacy 77.33%]
Puri 0.27% [literacy 78.4%]
Delhi University colleges and departments
Parlakhemundi (Gajapati)
Rayagada (Rayagada)
Koraput (Koraput)
Jeypore (Koraput)
Bhawanipatna (Kalahandi)
Malkangiri (Malkangiri)
Nabarangpur (Nabarangpur)
Titilagarh (Balangir)
Nuaparha (Nuapara)
Balangir (Balangir)
Sonapur (Sonepur)
Baligurha or G. Udaygiri (Kandhamala)
Phulbani (Kandhamala)
Delhi University has 15 faculties
- ARTS
- AYURVEDIC & UNANI MEDICINE
- COMMERCE & BUSINESS STUDIES
- EDUCATION
- INT. DISP. & APPLIED SCIENCES
- LAW
- MAIN UNIVERSITY
- MANAGEMENT STUDIES
- MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
- MEDICAL SCIENCES
- MUSIC & FINE ARTS
- SCIENCE
- SOCIAL SCIENCES
- TECHNOLOGY
- UNDERGRADUATE COURSES
A. The Arts faculty has the following departments:
B. The Faculty of COMMERCE & BUSINESS STUDIES has the following departments. Commerce
Financial Studies
C: The Faculty of INT. DISP. & APPLIED SCIENCES has the following departments.
- Bio-Physics
- Biochemistry
- Electronic Science
- Genetics
- Microbiology
- Physical Education & Sports Sciences
- Plant Molecular Biology
- Anaesthesiology & Critical Care
- Anatomy
- Community Medicine
- Dermatology & STD
- Forensic Medicine
- Medical Bio-Chemistry
- Medical Microbiology
- Medicine
- Obstetrics & Gyanaecology
- Opthalmology
- Orthopaedics
- Otolaryngology (ENT)
- Paediatrics
- Pathology
- Pharmacology
- Physiology
- Psychiatry
- Radiology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis
- Surgery
- Tuberculosis & Respiratory Disease
- Agro-Chemicals & Pest Management
- Anthropology
- Botany
- Chemistry
- Environmental Biology
- Geology
- Home Science
- Nursing
- Pharmacy
- Physics
- Zoology
- Adult, Continuing Education & Extension
- African Studies
- East Asian Studies
- Economics
- Geography
- History
- Slavonic & Finno-Ugrian Studies
- Social Work
- Sociology
- Applied Chemistry
- Applied Mathematics
- Applied Physics
- Civil & Environmental Engineering
- Computer Engineering
- Electrical Engineering
- Electronics & Communication Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Production & Industrial Engineering
Accomplishments of HBCUs (snippets)
U.S. Department of Education
Office for Civil Rights
Washington, D.C. 20202-1100
March 1991
(SNIPPETS FROM THIS DOCUMENT)
Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) were established to serve the educational needs of black Americans. Prior to the time of their establishment, and for many years afterwards, blacks were generally denied admission to traditionally white institutions. As a result, HBCUs became the principle means for providing postsecondary education to black Americans.
Today, HBCUs must fulfill educational goals far beyond those initially set. President George Bush described the unique mission of black colleges as follows:
"At a time when many schools barred their doors to black Americans, these colleges offered the best, and often the only, opportunity for a higher education."
Today, thank heavens, most of those barriers have been brought down by the law, and yet historically black colleges and universities still represent a vital component of American higher education.
...By 1953, more-than 32,000 students were enrolled in such well known private black institutions as Fisk University, Hampton Institute, Howard University, Meharry Medical College, Morehouse College, Spelman College, and Tuskegee Institute, as well as a host of smaller black colleges located in southern and border states. In the same year, over 43,000 students were enrolled in public black colleges. HBCUs enrolled 3,200 students in graduate programs. These private and public institutions mutually served the important mission of providing education for teachers, ministers, lawyers, and doctors for the black population in a racially segregated society.
...
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education rejected the "separate but equal" doctrine and held that racially segregated public schools deprive black children of equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Plessy decision, which had governed public education policy for more than a half-century, was overturned. Despite the landmark Supreme Court decision in Brown, most HBCUs remained segregated with poorer facilities and budgets compared with traditionally white institutions. Lack of adequate libraries and scientific and research equipment and capabilities placed a serious handicap on many. Many of the public HBCUs closed or merged with traditionally white institutions. However, most black college students continued to attend HBCUs years after the decision was rendered.
...
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF HBCUs
Under the plans, substantial progress has been made by many states in desegregation of their state systems of higher education. At the same time, HBCUs continue to be a vital resource in the nation's educational system. Among their accomplishments are the following:
HBCUs have played an historical role in enhancing equal educational opportunity for all students.
- More than 80 percent of all black Americans who received degrees in medicine and dentistry were trained at the two traditionally black institutions of medicine and dentistry--Howard University and Meharry Medical College. (Today, these institutions still account for 19.7 percent of degrees awarded in medicine and dentistry to black students.)
- HBCUs have provided undergraduate training for three fourths of all black persons holding a doctorate degree; three fourths of all black officers in the armed forces; and four fifths of all black federal judges.
- HBCUs are leading institutions in awarding baccalaureate degrees to black students in the life sciences, physical sciences mathematics, and engineering.
- HBCUs continue to rank high in terms of the proportion of graduates who pursue and complete graduate and professional training.
Fifty percent of black faculty in traditionally white research universities received their bachelor's degrees at an HBCU.
...
Today, there are 107 HBCUs with more than 228,000 students enrolled. Fifty-six institutions are under private control, and 51 are public colleges and universities. The public institutions account for more than two-thirds of the students in historically black institutions. Most (87) of the institutions are four-year colleges or universities, and 20 are two-year institutions. In the past, more than 80 percent of all black college graduates have been trained at these HBCUs.
Today, HBCUs enroll 20 percent of black undergraduates. However, HBCUs award 40 percent of baccalaureate degrees earned by black college students.
...
Top Colleges Awarding Degrees to Hispanics
| 1 | FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY | FL | 2677 |
| 2 | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS-PAN AMERICAN | TX | 1666 |
| 3 | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO | TX | 1514 |
| 4 | CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY-FULLERTON | CA | 1380 |
| 5 | CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY-NORTHRIDGE | CA | 1310 |
| 6 | CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY-LONG BEACH | CA | 1301 |
| 7 | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO | TX | 1229 |
| 8 | THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN | TX | 1171 |
| 9 | SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY | CA | 1138 |
| 10 | UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES | CA | 1053 |
Schemes of the Ministry of Tribal Welfare
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Tribal Welfare schemes (Oct 22, 2006)
STRATEGY - THE TSP APPROACH
The Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) Strategy has been adopted for all round development of tribal areas throughout the country since Fifth Five-Year Plan. Under the TSP approach almost entire tribal inhabited area have been covered under one of the following, depending upon their population percentile:
| i) | Integrated Area Development Project (ITDPs) |
| ii) | Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) |
| iii) | Clusters |
| iv) | Primitive Tribal Groups |
The TSP approach ensures allocation of fund for tribal areas from State Plan as well as Central Ministries, at least proportionate to population of tribals in the state (from state plan) and to the overall proportionate tribal population for the country from the budget of Central Ministries and Financial Institutions etc.
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE SCHEMES
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs implements various Schemes and Programmes aimed at welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes. An Overview of the activities of the Ministry is as follows:-
SPECIAL CENTRAL ASSISTANCE TO TRIBAL SUB-PLAN: (SCA TO TSP)
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs extends special central assistance to the TSP States and Union Territories and also to North Eastern States of Assam, Manipur and Tripura as an additional grant to these states/UTs. These grants are basically meant for family oriented income generating Scheme in various TSP areas to meet the gaps, which have not otherwise been taken care of by the State Plan.
GRANTS UNDER FIRST PROVISO TO ARTICLE 275 (1) OF THE CONSTITUTION
The Ministry provides Grant-in-Aid to TSP and tribal majority States under Article 275 (1) of the constitution to meet the cost of such projects for tribal development as may be undertaken by the State Government for raising the level of administration of Scheduled Areas therein to the level of the rest of the state. In the Ninth Plan, besides other projects, from the funds allocated under this Scheme it was proposed to establish 100 Residential Schools on the pattern of Navodaya Vidyalayas.
GIRLS' HOSTEL
The Scheme for construction of Girls Hostels for STs is a useful instrument for spreading education among tribal girls whose literacy is only 18.91% as per 1991 census. Under the Scheme funds are provided to all the TSP States and Union Territories having tribal population for construction of hostels on sharing basis (50:50) to States and 100% to UTs.
BOYS' HOSTEL
Like the Scheme for Girls Hostel, under this Scheme funds are provided to states on sharing basis (50:50) and 100% to UTs for construction of Boys Hostel for STs.
ASHRAM SCHOOLS IN TRIBAL SUB-PLAN AREAS
The Ministry under the Scheme provides funds to all the States and UTs having tribal population for establishment of residential schools for STs in an environment conducive to learning near their habitations on sharing basis (50:50) to States and 100% to UTs.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
The main aim of this Scheme is to develop the skill of the tribal youth in order to get employment or to avail opportunities for self-employment. Under this Scheme cent percent grant is provided to States/ UTs/ State Government run institutions or organizations as well as registered Non Governmental Organizations for establishment of Vocational Training Centres with the capacity of 100 students at each centre.
EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX IN LOW LITERACY POCKETS FOR WOMEN IN TRIBAL AREAS
| This Scheme provides cent percent financial assistance to NGOs/ Organization established by government as autonomous bodies/educational & other institutions like Cooperative Societies, to establish educational complexes in 136 identified districts of erstwhile 11 states (now 13) where tribal female literacy is below 10% as per 1991 census. Educational complex is meant for girls studying from class I to V with strength of 30 students in each class. The grants are provided to meet non-recurring as well as recurring expenses on building (hiring or maintenance) teaching, boarding, lodging and to also for medical and health care of students. |
GRANTS-IN-AID TO STATE TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATIVE CORPORATIONS AND OTHERS
This is a Central Sector Scheme, with 100% grant, available to the state Tribal Development Cooperative Corporation (STDCCs) and other similar corporations of State engaged in collection and trading of minor forest produce (MFP) through tribals Grants under the Scheme are provided to strengthen the Share Capital of Corporations, construction of Warehouses, establishment of processing industries of MFPs etc. to ensure high profitability of the corporation so as to enable them to pay remunerative prices for MFPs to the tribals.
PRICE SUPPORT TO TRIFED
The Ministry provides Grants-in-aid to its corporation, TRIFED to set off losses on account of fluctuations in prices of MFPs being marketed by it for ensuring remunerative prices to tribals engaged in collection of MFPs either directly or through STDCCs and other such Cooperative Societies.
INVESTMENT IN SHARE CAPITAL OF TRIFED
The Ministry is the largest shareholder of TRIFED with over 99% contribution in its Share Capital. Under this Scheme, the Ministry provides funds to TRIFED as its contribution in the Share Capital.
VILLAGE GRAIN BANKS
This Scheme provides Grants for establishment of Village Grain Banks to prevent deaths of STs specially children in remote and backward tribal villages facing or likely to face starvation and also to improve nutritional standards. The Scheme provides funds for building storage facility, procurement of Weights & Measures and for the purchase of initial stock of one quintal of food grain of local variety for each family. A Committee under Chairmanship of village Headman runs the Grain Bank thus established.
GRANT-IN-AID TO VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
As many as 27 types of projects with focus on tribal education, literacy, medical & health care, vocational training in agriculture, horticulture, craftsmanship etc., are being supported by the Ministry under this Scheme through registered Non-Governmental Organizations.
RESEARCH & TRAINING
Under the Scheme "Research & Training" the Ministry provides financial assistance under three components:-
| (i) | Grants to Tribal Research Institutes on 50:50 sharing basis; for conducting Research & Evaluation Studies, Seminars, Workshops etc. |
| (ii) | Award of Research Fellowship to Tribal Students on 100% basis registered in Indian Universities. |
| (iii) | Supporting projects of All-India or Inter-State nature on 100% basis to NGOs/Universities etc. for conducting research on tribal matters, Travel Grants and for Publication of Books on tribals. |
DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMITIVE TRIBAL GROUPS
Under this Scheme cent per-cent assistance is provided to NGOs and other institutions for under-taking projects on development of PTGs on activities mainly focusing on their food security literacy, agriculture technology up gradation, etc.
POST MATRIC SCHOLARSHIPS, OVERSEAS SCHOLARSHIPS AND BOOK BANKS
The post-matric scholarship Scheme provides financial assistance to all ST students for pursuance of post-matric studies in recognized institutions within India. The Scheme provides for 100% assistance from the Ministry to State Governments and UT Administrations implementing the Scheme, over and above their respective committed liabilities. The Ministry also gives financial assistance for setting up Book-Banks in institutions running professional courses like Medicine, Engineering, Law, Agriculture, Veterinary, Chartered Accountancy, Business Management, and Bio-Sciences. Annually, Ministry provides financial assistance to 9 meritorious ST students for Post-graduate, Doctoral and Post-Doctoral studies in foreign universities/institutions of repute.
UPGRADATION OF MERIT AND COACHING
These Schemes provide 100% central assistance to State/UT Administrations. The up gradation of merit Scheme is for arranging coaching classes in reputed colleges for developing competence among ST students for their better performance in competitive examinations conducted by various universities institutes for admission to Medical and Engineering courses while the Scheme for coaching is for conducting Pre-Examination Coaching for tribal students for various examinations conducted by UPSC, SSC, Banking Services Recruitment Boards etc.
MONITORING & EVALUATION OF EFFORTS ON TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
The Constitution of India guarantees not only the social-economic upliftment of tribal people but also provides for objective evaluation of the administration and control of the Scheduled Areas and the Scheduled Tribes in any State other than Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura (for which there are separate provisions) through the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution Article 244 (i) ensures submission of Annual Reports by the Governors of the States to President of India regarding administration of the Scheduled Areas and setting up of Tribal Advisory Council to advise on such matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes.
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs being the Nodal Ministry for overall policy, planning and coordination of programmes for the development of tribals, monitors the progress and achievement made by variousMinistries/Departments for 22 TSP States/UTs under Point 11(b) of the 20 Point Programme.The Ministry monitors the achievements made under various developmental programmes by engaging State Tribal Research Institutes/Universities/other institutions and also through field inspection by Officers of the Ministry.
GOVERNORS' REPORTS
The Governors' Report is an objective evaluation of the development efforts undertaken by the State Government in Scheduled Areas of the State with regard to administration. The Scheduled Areas have been declared in eight States namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar (now Bihar & Jharkhand), Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh (now Madhya Pradesh & Chhatisgarh), Orissa and Rajasthan, Governor's Report provides an unbiased assessment of the situation in Scheduled Areas of the State, inter alia, various measures taken for up gradation of administration of such areas, implementation of protective laws, matters referred to the "Tribal Advisory Council" (TAC) and their recommendations etc.
The States are required to send the Governor's Report within six months of the closing of the financial year i.e. by 30th September of each year. The latest position of receipt of the report is given in table below:-
TRIBAL ADVISORY COUNCIL (TAC)
Eight States having Scheduled Areas, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar (now Bihar & Chhatisgarh), Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh (now Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh), Orissa & Rajasthan and two Non Scheduled Area States, namely, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal have constituted TACs. The TACs consist of not more than twenty-five members of whom as many as three-fourth members are Scheduled Tribe representatives of the State Legislative Assembly (ST-MLAs). The Governor of the State may refer matters concerning to administration of welfare of tribals to the TACs for recommendations.
The Ministry issues guidelines for TACs. As per latest guidelines the TACs should meet at least twice a year and discuss the issues concerning tribal interests and making appropriate recommendation for protection of tribal interests.
POINT 11(B) OF 20 POINT PROGRAMME
The point 11 (b) of 20 Point Programme is to provide economic assistance to the Scheduled Tribe families to enable them to rise above poverty line. The ST families are assisted through various Schemes implemented by Departments of Agriculture, Rural Development, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Sericulture, Forestry, Small & Cottage Industries, etc.
The Ministry fixes the targets for 22 States/UT s and also monitors the progress of achievements on monthly basis. The officers of the Ministry inspected more than 75 projects in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
Why KBK central university?
Reservations in far flung institutions are not as helpful because very few people living in the backward districts figure out a way to go there, and the very few who figure out a way to go to Delhi or Hyderabad, do not usually return back.
2. Money poured into the backward districts are often not spent properly as many officers do not want to live in the backward districts (like KBK). Teachers appointed and/or transferred to such districts often lobby in state capitals to change their transfer/appointment, and many do not join their services. Same with respect to doctors. Thus we need teachers and doctors and other educated professional developed right there in the backward districts. This can happen only if we establish institutions (like central universities) that provide programs and opportunities for people in KBK and similar backward districts to become a doctor or a teacher or an engineer.
3. State vs Central: One may wonder why can not 1 & 2 be achieved by the state establishing higher education institutions in the backward districts. First, many of the states (like Orissa) do not yet have the money to do so. Second, state institutions and universities, if established, may suffer the problem, that many educated people from outside may not come to join these institutions. On the other hand central universities have a reputation because of which people from not only the same state, but from all over India are willing to relocate and join them.
4. This has not been tried: The LTAP and RLTAP and focused on many other aspects to improve KBK, but it did not have the component of higher education, and perhaps because of that, it did not achieve much. Hence , in tandem with other initiatives for backward districts, it is important to have advanced and higher education opportunity available right there in the backward districts like KBK.
5. What about primary education? Several initiatives (such as hostels for tribal girls, Ekal Vidaylay, etc.), are already on the way in regards to primary and secondary education. In addition together with the central universities there should be some monitired/attached schools such as Kendriya Vidayalayas. Plus the exisiting (and newly made) tribal hostels and Ekal Vidyalayas should be connected to the Central university so that
from an early age the students know about the opportunities and even have some role models.
6. Where in KBK? Since KBK is a vast area the proposed central university should be distributed across the various districts of KBK as well as the adjacent Gajapati and Kandhamala districts which have HDI worse than some of the KBK districts. The university should be like Delhi University in that it should have several colleges across the various campuses. (Allahbad University also has a similar structure.) Some of the colleges could be like community colleges in the US, focusing on more vocational programs. Our initial suggestion is to have the colleges spread across the following towns in KBK+Gajapati+Kandhamala:
Parlakhemundi (Gajapati) - narrow gauge (broad gauge by 2008-09)
Rayagada (Rayagada) - broad gauge (junction)
Koraput (Koraput) - broad gauge (junction)
Jeypore (Koraput) - broad gauge
Bhawanipatna (Kalahandi) - broad gauge being made
Malkangiri (Malkangiri) -
Nabarangpur (Nabarangpur) -
Titilagarh (Balangir) - broad gauge (junction)
Nuaparha (Nuapara) - broad gauge
Balangir (Balangir) - broad gauge
Sonapur (Sonepur) -
Baligurha or G. Udaygiri (Kandhamala)
Phulbani (Kandhamala)
Among these Rayagada is best connected by trains. So that could be the initial HQ of the university.
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Update: (7th November 2006)
Other reasons:
A: According to NSSO survey
(i) Central govt spending of Higher education in Orissa is among the lowest.
(ii) Orissa has only 4.1 per cent rural youth enrolled in higher education.
(National average: 20 per cent of urban youth are enrolled in colleges as compared to just 7.9 per cent in rural India.)
(iii) Central universities work: In the north-eastern states, where most universities are funded by the Central Government, with overall higher education enrolment figure close to 40 per cent.
(B) In the US the Historically Black colleges and Universities, mostly located in areas with a significant Black population, contribute a significant number of highly educated blacks.
Similarly, the top 10 universities in terms of awarding higher education degrees to Hispanics are all in states and locations with a large number of Hispanic population.
Thus, the best way to increase the number of ST with higher education is to establish good universities (like central universities) in those areas.
Backward district Clusters in an India map
India's poorest districts
India’s poorest districts
Regional disparities in development in India (see Disparities in national development) can be better identified by looking at smaller areas: districts or development blocks rather than broad geographical regions.
Attempts to identify the poorest or most backward districts in the country have been made since 1960. So far, nine committees have been set up on this issue at the national level.
One of the most elaborate exercises for the identification of backward districts was conducted in 1997 by a committee of the Government of India's Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment. Headed by EAS Sarma, who was then Principal Advisor to the Planning Commission, the committee used a composite method with differing weights for parameters such as:
- incidence of poverty
- education
- health
- water supply
- transport and communications, and
- degree of industrialisation.
The Sarma Committee's list of 100 most backward districts included:
- 38 districts from undivided Bihar
- 19 from undivided Madhya Pradesh
- 17 from undivided Uttar Pradesh
- 10 from Maharashtra, and
- a smaller number of districts from other states.
(Note: The PACS Programme's coverage area is based on this list. To see the state-wise list of all 100 districts click here.)
There were no districts from Gujarat, Goa, Kerala, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The north-eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir were not considered by the committee as it felt "they had problems which were specific and peculiar to them".
Recently, the Planning Commission has drawn up another list of 100 backward districts. This list is specific to the Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY) programme drawn up under the Tenth Plan. It covers one or more backward districts in all states of the country except Delhi, Goa, Bihar and Orissa. The first two have been excluded because they have no backward districts. The other two have been excluded because the RSVY programme has special components for Bihar and the Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput (KBK) region of Orissa. See full list of RSVY districts.
Non-government experts and organisations have also attempted to draw up lists of 'most backward' districts. One comprehensive estimation of district-level deprivation was recently made by Bibek Debroy of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi, and Laveesh Bhandari of Indicus Analytics.
In their report, District-level Deprivation in the New Millennium (Konark Publishers, New Delhi; 2003), they used six indicators derived from the UN Millennium Development Goals:
- poverty
- hunger
- infant mortality
- immunisation, and
- literacy and elementary school enrolment.
They considered districts which figured in the bottom quarter under four of these six criteria as the 'most backward' districts in the country.
The list has 69 districts. Most of them are located in the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand. Other than these states, the 'most backward' districts are found only in Arunachal Pradesh (3 districts), Karnataka (1) and Madhya Pradesh (5). See full list.
The two lists mentioned above do not overlap as they are based on different criteria. However, there is one common thread: most of India's backward districts are in the central and eastern part of the country -- the area covered by the PACS Programme.Excerpts from "Disparities in national development"
From this perspective, India's five 'poorest' states, according to the Planning Commission's 1999-2000 figures, were:
- Orissa (47.15% of the population was below the poverty line in 1999-2000)
- Bihar (42. 60%)
- Madhya Pradesh (37.43%)
- Sikkim (36.55%), and
- Assam (36.09%).
There is considerable evidence to support the east-west divide theory. For instance, if we look at 1997-98 figures of per capita net state domestic product,
The lowest figures are all from states in the eastern half:
- Bihar (Rs 1,126)
- Assam (Rs 1,675)
- Orissa (Rs 1,666)
- Uttar Pradesh (Rs 1,725), and
- Meghalaya (Rs 1,804).
Accordingly, the 'very high poverty' regions of the country with a rural poverty ratio of above 60 are:
- Southern (undivided) Bihar
- South-western (undivided) Madhya Pradesh
- Southern Orissa
- Southern Uttar Pradesh
The 'high poverty' regions with a rural poverty ratio between 41 and 60 are:
- Northern and central (undivided) Bihar
- Central and eastern (undivided) Uttar Pradesh
- Himalayan and eastern West Bengal
- Coastal and northern Orissa
- Southern Rajasthan
- Hilly and western plain regions of Assam and all parts of the other north-eastern states
- Central, northern (inland) and eastern parts of Maharashtra
- Central, southern and Chhattisgarh region of (undivided) Madhya Pradesh
- Northern coastal region of Tamil Nadu
- Sikkim
- Dadra & Nagar Haveli
The report also notes:
- 'Very high poverty' regions across the country in different states have a predominantly tribal population. These regions are rocky and dry yet densely populated because of their agro-climatic conditions.
- Likewise, 'high poverty' regions of different states have a large tribal population, are thickly populated, semi-arid and have been "historically neglected".
A comprehensive estimation of district-level deprivation made recently by Bibek Debroy of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi, and Laveesh Bhandari of Indicus Analytics in District-level Deprivation in the New Millennium (Konark Publishers, New Delhi; 2003), came up with other significant findings:
- Most highways and rail networks tend to be in areas outside the most backward districts.
- All the most backward districts lie in low-growth regions.
- The most backward districts have the lowest presence of trained personnel during deliveries.
- Districts in eastern India tend to have lower pupil-teacher ratios compared to districts in western India.
| State-wise poverty lines, number of poor and poverty ratio for the year 1999-2000 | |||||||||
| | |||||||||
| No | States | Rural | Urban | Combined | |||||
| Number of persons* | Poverty ratio | Poverty line** | Number of persons* | Poverty ratio | Poverty line** | Number of persons* | Poverty ratio | ||
| 1 | Andhra Pradesh | 58.13 | 11.05 | 262.94 | 60.88 | 26.63 | 457.40 | 119.01 | 15.77 |
| 2 | Arunachal Pradesh | 3.80 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.18 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 3.98 | 33.47 |
| 3 | Assam | 92.17 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 2.38 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 94.55 | 36.09 |
| 4 | Bihar | 376.51 | 44.30 | 333.07 | 49.13 | 32.91 | 379.78 | 425.64 | 42.60 |
| 5 | Goa | 0.11 | 1.35 | 318.63 | 0.59 | 7.52 | 539.71 | 0.70 | 4.40 |
| 6 | Gujarat | 39.80 | 13.17 | 318.94 | 28.09 | 15.59 | 474.41 | 67.89 | 14.07 |
| 7 | Haryana | 11.94 | 8.27 | 362.81 | 5.39 | 9.99 | 420.20 | 17.34 | 8.74 |
| 8 | Himachal Pradesh | 4.84 | 7.94 | 367.45 | 0.29 | 4.63 | 420.20 | 5.12 | 7.63 |
| 9 | Jammu and Kashmir | 2.97 | 3.97 | 367.45 | 0.49 | 1.98 | 420.20 | 3.46 | 3.48 |
| 10 | Karnataka | 59.91 | 17.38 | 309.59 | 44.49 | 25.25 | 511.44 | 104.40 | 20.04 |
| 11 | Kerala | 20.97 | 9.38 | 374.79 | 20.07 | 20.27 | 477.06 | 41.04 | 12.72 |
| 12 | Madhya Pradesh | 217.32 | 37.06 | 311.34 | 81.22 | 38.44 | 481.65 | 298.54 | 37.43 |
| 13 | Maharashtra | 125.12 | 23.72 | 318.63 | 102.87 | 26.81 | 539.71 | 227.99 | 25.02 |
| 14 | Manipur | 6.53 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.66 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 7.19 | 28.54 |
| 15 | Meghalaya | 7.89 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.34 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 8.23 | 33.87 |
| 16 | Mizoram | 1.40 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.45 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 1.85 | 19.47 |
| 17 | Nagaland | 5.21 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.28 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 5.49 | 32.67 |
| 18 | Orissa | 143.69 | 48.01 | 323.92 | 25.40 | 42.83 | 473.12 | 169.09 | 47.15 |
| 19 | Punjab | 10.20 | 6.35 | 362.68 | 4.29 | 5.75 | 388.15 | 14.49 | 6.16 |
| 20 | Rajasthan | 55.06 | 13.74 | 344.03 | 26.78 | 19.85 | 465.92 | 81.83 | 15.28 |
| 21 | Sikkim | 2.00 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.04 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 2.05 | 36.55 |
| 22 | Tamil Nadu | 80.51 | 20.55 | 307.64 | 49.97 | 22.11 | 475.60 | 130.48 | 21.12 |
| 23 | Tripura | 12.53 | 40.04 | 365.43 | 0.49 | 7.47 | 343.99 | 13.02 | 34.44 |
| 24 | Uttar Pradesh | 412.01 | 31.22 | 336.88 | 117.88 | 30.89 | 416.29 | 529.89 | 31.15 |
| 25 | West Bengal | 180.11 | 31.85 | 350.17 | 33.38 | 14.86 | 409.22 | 213.49 | 27.02 |
| 26 | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 0.58 | 20.55 | 307.64 | 0.24 | 22.11 | 475.60 | 0.82 | 20.99 |
| 27 | Chandigarh | 0.06 | 5.75 | 388.15 | 0.45 | 5.75 | 388.15 | 0.51 | 5.75 |
| 28 | Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 0.30 | 17.57 | 318.63 | 0.03 | 13.52 | 539.71 | 0.33 | 17.14 |
| 29 | Daman & Diu | 0.01 | 1.35 | 318.63 | 0.05 | 7.52 | 539.71 | 0.06 | 4.44 |
| 30 | Delhi | 0.07 | 0.40 | 362.68 | 11.42 | 9.42 | 505.45 | 11.49 | 8.23 |
| 31 | Lakshadweep | 0.03 | 9.38 | 374.79 | 0.08 | 20.27 | 477.06 | 0.11 | 15.60 |
| 32 | Pondicherry | 0.64 | 20.55 | 307.64 | 1.77 | 22.11 | 475.60 | 2.41 | 21.67 |
| | |||||||||
| * In lakhs | |||||||||
| ** Rs monthly per capita | |||||||||
| | |||||||||
| Source: Planning Commission, Government of India | |||||||||
